UDK 633.14:614:599.9
The basis of health of the human is in rye grain
V.A. Sysuev, L.I. Kedrova, N.K. Lapteva, E.I. Utkina, M. Vaananen, T.N. Nikulina
Summary. Value of food production from grain of a winter rye for health of the man, especially of rye bread from a flour of a rough grinding and whole-grain one which should become an integral part in the program of a healthy feed of the population of Russia is opened. Rye grain has the richest spectrum of nutrients owing to what rye bread and is high-grade food stuffs for the man. Now conclusive value in a feed is dialed to fibers, which content in grain of a rye is considerably higher in comparison with other grain crops both in the most widespread vegetables and fruit. According to modern knowledge the rye is the perfect raw material for manufacture of the healthy foodstuffs, a preventive feed and against illnesses of a civilization. Special value is represented with rye bread from a flour of a rough grinding which is rich with proteins, fats, ash elements, vitamins and food fibers because the basic content of biochemical substances is concentrated in a cover of grain and its germ. Scientists of the Scandinavian countries made active researches on value of a rye in a feed and medicine last years. The Finnish experts especially actively work in this direction, considering that food fibers of a rye reduce risk of oncological diseases, and also interferes with development of diabetes of 2-nd type in people of mature age. The Finnish experts on a feed offer the expanded variant of a food pyramid of the World Organization of Public health services with use of a variety of rye products. Thus, rye grain and rye bread from a flour of a rough grinding, as a basis of a high-grade feed as effective high-quality improving means, should take the predominating place in human life again. 
Keywords: winter rye, grain, rye bread, flour of rough grinding, biochemical parameters, fibers.

Curative force of rye
T.N. Nikulina
Summary. The International forum «Curative force of rye» organized on the initiative of the companies «Crown Agro», « Liepurien Tukku» and «Samara BCC» is carried out in February, 2012 in Samara. The representatives of the ministries of the Samara area, chiefs of baking and flour-made enterprises of area, representatives of research institutes, chiefs of the Finnish companies have taken part in work of a forum. The forum was advised with an exhibition of rye and rye-wheat bread made by the enterprises of the Samara area, St.-Petersburg, Byelorussia and Finland. The widest assortment of rye products was submitted by «Samara BCC» and enterprise «Tolyattikhleb». They actively cooperate with the company «Crown Agro», which is the «gold» dealer of the company «Liepurien Tukku» in the Samara area, and together with it apply all forces for development of assortment of rye products in region. The company «Crown Agro» has presented many useful novelties to attention of the visitors: bread «Scandinavia», «Finnsky zernovoy», «Lukomorie», «Rzhanoy 100%» and croissants with dietary rye fiber «R 6500». The large assortment of bakery products with use of rye raw material, including – novelty of a baking industry – rye chips (manufacturer «Linkosuo» Oy) is developed by the experts of the company «Liepurien Tukku». The Finnish colleagues submitted results of realization of the long-term state program «Rye». An information centre «Bread», which was engaged in advertising, by educational activity and realized the joint programs with public and educational organizations, was created by the joint efforts of the State and companies of baking branch of Finland. On the basis of results of researches the experts of the company «Fazer» developed innovational product – dietary fiber «R3 Fazer Ryefibre». Head of a department of winter rye of North-East Agricultural Research Institute, doctor of agricultural sciences L.I. Kedrova has noted both useful properties of winter rye for a meal of the man, and also its important meaning in plant industry, high adaptability and winter hardiness at many regions of Russia. The Finnish company «Liepurien Tukku» successfully works in different regions of Russia, offering the manufacturers of baking branch the ideas, wide assortment of raw material for manufacture of rye products and actively advertising importance of rye bread. The carried out forum has shown, that at a regional level the local authorities are capable to support of bread-maker’s undertakings on active popularization and extended manufacture of rye bread, without of waiting of the help of the federal authorities.
Keywords: rye, bread, properties, popularization, experience.

UDK 633.14:001.5
Complex scientific researches on winter rye – major national and strategic grain crop of Russian Federation
V.A. Sysuev 
Summary. The researchers are carried out according to the Inter-branch scientific and technical program «Rye» with the purpose of development of new technologies of production and processing of rye grain, allowing to expand a spectrum of processing of this culture in a baking industry, fodder and technical use. The most important elaborations are next: the normative documentation of eight kinds of bread, four kinds of plum-cakes, cookies, three kind of sand cakes, gingerbreads (these scientific elaborations are introduced at the industrial enterprises of the Kirov, Leningrad and Belgorod areas, Republics of Kareliya and Udmurtiya); the method of fraction division of grains for increase of starch contents of raw material up to 4%; researches on use of extruded, fermented, and flatted grains of rye and vetch-rye mix in feeding of agricultural animals and poultry (extruded winter rye grains can be used in animal feeding up to 70% of total concentrates; at feeding with flatted and fermented with propionic acid grains of rye in structure of a diet in amount of 60% of a grain part of concentrated forages for milking cows the profit of 566 rubles was received, that makes 42% of the made expenses); the completed cycle of manufacture of vetch-rye mix since selection of variety and technology of cultivation till use it in diets of agricultural animals (feeding of fattened calves of large horned cattle with vetch-rye mix in a percentage ratio 1:2 has ensured a gain in studied group by 829 g, that is 15% higher than control); proved borders of area for reception of winter rye grain with high parameters of quality in North-east of the European part of Russia.
Keywords: winter rye, complex researches, manufacture, processing, bakery, flour confectionery products, rye malt, starch, fodder and technical use, agro-ecological zoning, bio-preparations.

UDK 316.422.42
Project “Baraba” or how we can innovatizate the whole Russia in the agro-industrial complex
A.S. Donchenko, V.K. Kalichkin, S.R. Sverchkov
Summary. On the basis of Russian Federation economy simulation possibility analysis the necessity of formation of high-tech territorial clusters in the country was shown. As a variant of such clusters the project “Baraba” was proposed, providing in the territory of Western Siberia the establishment of conditions for comfortable accommodation for up to 1 million people and the organization no less than 250 thousand jobs of new generation in the agro-industrial sector with support of transport, information, and energy infrastructure. The critical and inertial points of the project, the main arguments for and against its realization, as well as key risks and methods for their management were determined.
Keywords: innovative project, mathematical model, Baraba, Western Siberia.

UDK 631.52:001.89:061.62(571.1/.5)
Modern problems of crop breeding in Siberia
I.E. Likhenko
Summary. Given the huge variety of natural and climatic conditions of the region the successful work is possible only on the basis of forms of local origin, which the regional genetic resource (Siberian gene pool) was formed of in the SibSRICPB, numbering about 10 000 samples of cereals and leguminous crops and about 5 000 samples of vegetable crops, including the collection of 35 varieties of perennial onion plants, consisting of more than 300 genotypes. Among the directions of crop breeding in Siberia were named the breeding for the growing season (both on the decrease and increase depending on culture), increase in productivity potential, flexibility and stability of new varieties, development not only monogenic, but also polygenic forms with nonspecific (horizontal) resistance to diseases. It is noted the suitability of utilization of distant hybridization, polyploidy, and molecular methods, providing the controlled gene translocation in engineered genotypes. Thanks to the work done in most subjects of Siberian Federal District in recent years the sown area of winter crops, especially of wheat, increases, maximal yields of such crops as spring soft wheat and spring barley, obtained at high agricultural backgrounds, reached 6.5...8.0 t/ha, protein content in wheat grain – 20 %, gluten content – 40 %. Almost all varieties and breeding forms of winter rye from SibSRICPB formed grain with falling number more than 200 s in the competitive variety trial.
Keywords: breeding, gene pool, Siberia. 

UDK 633.14:631.5:58
Biological bases of manufacture of grain of winter ржи in European North-East of Russian Federation
L.I. Kedrova, E.I. Utkina, E.A. Shlyakhtina, T.K. Sheshegova, E.S. Parfenova, M.G. Shamova, N.A. Okhapkina
Summary. One of priority scientific directions in development of agriculture of European north-east of Russia is the creation of winter rye varieties, resistant against action of abiotic and biotic stressors, adequate to the modern requirements of agricultural manufacture under conditions of a varied climate, ecological and economic factors for maintenance of stable manufacture of grain. The basic directions and methods of selection of winter rye, allowing to create varieties, claimed in manufacture, with high winter hardiness, adaptivity to environment conditions, and ensuring stable efficiency are submitted. Now the varieties of selection of North-East Agricultural Research Institute and Falenky selection station: Vyatka 2, Dymka, Kirovskaya 89, Falenskaya 4, Snezhana, and Rushnik are included in the State register of selection achievement allowed to use in manufacture of five regions of the country. The greatest distribution was received by a variety Falenskaya 4, combining high baking property (average fall number – 161 seconds, 2007-2009) with adaptivity, stable productivity (potential of a crop – more than 9 t/ha), increased winter hardiness (7…9 points), stability to snow mouldew and falling, aluminum- and acid-resistance. Under conditions of the Kirov area, where winter rye is the basic grain culture historically, the varieties of local selection engage more than 60% of the rye sowing areas. At observance of required technologies of cultivation the best economies of area receive a crop of a variety Falenskaya 4 about 4…6 t/ha. A new rye variety Flora is offered to zoning on the Kirov and Tver areas, and Republic of Mary El In 2011. Variety Rada passes State Variety Tests. Thus, in a basis of formation of the stable grain market of winter rye in European north-east of Russia the high role belongs to adaptive varieties of selection of North-east selection center. 
Keywords: winter rye, selection, directions, methods, variety, winter hardiness, productivity, stability, quality.

UDK: 633.14:632.4
Immunological state of perspective populations winter rye of selection of research institute of agriculture of North-East
L.M. Shchekleina, N.K. Sheshegova
Summary. The immunological characteristic of new populations of a winter rye of selection of north-east agricultural research institute is presented at their studying on artificial provocative backgrounds of local populations of the basic activators of illnesses in north-east of a non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. On long-term data (2009-2011) it is established, that the perspective genofund of a winter rye has following immunological characteristic: high stability to a snow mould of populations: 10/00, 15/04, 37/04, 17/00 and the new zoned variety Flora; average stability to a brown and stem rust:, Snezhana 2, Snezhana 3, and 21-99-06; average stability to mealdew: Graphynja, 21-99-06, 13/00, Graphynja-2D, 24/08, 41/08, Snezhana 2, C-30/07, and Leda; average stability to root rot in a phase of shoots: 15/04, Snezhana 3, Rada (RF.c.), 27/07, 10/99 and the zoned varieties: Flora, Kirovskaja 89, Falenskaja 4, and Rushnik; in a phase of full ripeness – at a population 15/04 and a variety Rushnik; high stability to an ergot: 41/08, 27/07, Flora (RF.c.), 13/00, Snezhana ChP 13/06, Graphynja-2D, and at a variety Flora. Populations Flora (RF.c.), 17/00 and 37/04 are high-yielding both on natural, and on artificial infectious backgrounds. Thus, on long-term data on stability to several illnesses and high productivity among a perspective genofund of a winter rye of selection of north-east agricultural research institute the next eight populations are noted: Flora, 17/00, Flora (RF.c.), 37/04, 41/08, 27/07, Rada (RF.c.), 21-99-06.
Keywords: winter rye, diseases, contagious backgrounds, resistance, productivity. 

UDK 633.14:632.12
Adaptive potential of winter rye under conditions of soil stress in North-East of non-chernozem zone of Russia
L.I. Kedrova, E.I. Utkina, E.A. Shlyakhtina, S.V. Konovalova
Summary. Prevalence of soils with acid reaction and raised content of mobile aluminum ions in Northeast region of Russian Federation has defined the purpose of the given researches - to reveal varieties, suitable for cultivation under conditions of edaphic stress and for their use in selection of a winter rye, as sources of resistance to soil stress. Studying of seven zoned and perspective varieties of a winter rye on two soil backgrounds: unique natural rigid provocative (pH – 3.78…3.76; Al – 25.5 … 26.7 mg/100 of soil) and neutral (рН – 6.5; traces of mobile aluminum) is lead. Various conditions of pass the winter, grain’s formations and filling for the period of researches have allowed to reveal scope of a variation of studied parameters on various soil backgrounds. The shortage of a crop basically occurs due to reduction of regenerating ability of plants on the average by 34.0% and downturn productive tillering by 36.4%. The analysis of three-year data has allowed to reveal, that productivity on a background of edaphic loadings has decreased considerably on the average on varieties for years of studying - by 33.2…48.5%. It is possible to count varieties Rada (2.09…3.94 t/ha) and Rushnik (1.98…3.40 t/ha) as most aluminum- and acid-resistant because they significantly exceeded on productivity or were at a level of aluminum-resistant standard Falenskaya 4 (2.20…2.76 t/ha) for all period of studding.
Keywords: winter rye, productivity, acidity, aluminum, resistance.

UDK 633.14:630*164.5:630*181.34
Variability of the relative contents of pigments in non-foliar organs of winter rye under conditions of edaphic stress
E.M. Lisitsyn
Summary. The leaf serves as the basic organ of photosynthesis for terrestrial plants. Except for it chloroplasts are present at stem and vaginas of leaves. The purpose of work – to study variability of a selection material of a winter rye on a ratio of content of pigments in foliar and non-foliar organs of the top part of plants and to estimate an opportunity of use of this variety in selection. Samples of flag leaves and top internodes of plants of twelve varieties of a winter rye of various eco;ogical-geographical origin were selected in 2009…2010 under conditions of neutral and aluminum-acid soil sites at beginning of flowering; the content of photosynthetic pigments in them is estimated. At change of growth conditions from neutral to acid soils increase of the relative content of pigments in top internode is noted as a whole: a chlorophyll a – by 105%, a chlorophyll b – by 120%, and carotenes – by 123%. Substantial increase of the pigment contents in top internode in comparison with flag leaf under action of stressor was observed for varieties Rushnik (by 40…50%), Falenskaya-2 (by 97…180%), Kiprez (by 12…85%), and Leda (by 9…20%). At plants of these varieties, possibly, expenses on maintenance and development of vegetative organs raise, that reducing the contribution to creation of an economic-valuable product. Varieties which reduce relative charges on maintenance of photosynthesis in non-foliar bodies and strengthen synthesis of the plastic substances directed on development of reproductive organs under stressful conditions are allocated – Faret, Graphynya, and Flora (accordingly by 6, 17 and 30%). Presence of natural variability on reaction of the photosynthetic device of foliar and non-foliar organs on edaphic stress pointed out an opportunity of purposeful selection and use in breeding work of the samples that reconstruct activity of the assimilative device on primary maintenance of an output of an economic-valuable part of a crop.
Keywords: winter rye, aluminum, stress, pigment, chlorophyll, carotenoids, selection.

UDK 633.14:631.527:581.19
The breeding of winter grain fodder rye 
V. D. Kobylyansky, O. V. Solodukhina
Summary. The rye grains’ use for animals’ feeding is restricted by the presence of a large amount of water soluble pentosans represented by arabinose and xylose being a part of nonstarch polysaccharides. The content of water soluble arabinixylans (WS-AX) in rye grain is 2-2,5 times higher as compared with that in other cereals’ grain. We have studied 400 samples of winter rye from VIR genofond. Range of variability was shown to lie in 1, 5-3, 0% limits being insufficient to breed rye with low pentosans’ content in grains. At the same time rye populations were noticed to contain individual low pentosans plants (0,5…1,0%). The method of identification and selection of valuable genotypes was elaborated. Rye populations’ differentiation was carried out with use of “plant clonal halves” method earlier proposed in our work. The method of “clonal halves” allowed to identify and to obtain 90 sources of low pentosans’ content suitable for breeding at the bases of the rye populations’ differentiation. Preliminary anatomic-morphological research of grains in rye with low WS-AX content showed pericarp thickness reduction to 40-50%. Wide range of biotypes in rye populations for percentage portion of seed coat per whole grain mass gives possibility to select tenuitegillate forms. Conjugacy of two factors – low WS-AX content and small coat thickness are mutually causal. This cause-and-effect relation allowed defining strategy of rye breeding for low pentosans’ content. The strategy formula is “rye breeding to lower water soluble arabinixylans’ content in grains can be carried out by decreasing coats’ portion in seeds at improving chemical composition of endosperm”. Decrease of coats’ portion in grains at lowering of total and water-soluble arabinixylans automatically lead to increase of grain-units, percentage of proteins, fats and starch and flour yield as well as to decrease of bran yield. Low content of water-soluble pentosans in rye grains was shown does not worsen their baking qualities. It improves nutritional, biological and technological value of rye grains. Using this strategy breeding materials suitable to form rye populations with low WS-AX content in grains was developed. With use of these materials 7 populations (“prevarieties”) of winter grain fodder rye with low WS-AX were developed. Seeds of “prevarieties” populations were sent to research institutions of Russian Federation for reproduction, evaluation of feeding value, further tests and also for development of new direction in winter rye breeding.
Keywords: rye, breeding strategy, inheritance, donors, “prevarieties”, water soluble pentosans (arabinixylans).

UDK 633.14:577.114
The variability of the content of water-soluble Pentosans in the winter rye grain
R.R. Ismagilov
Summary. The purpose of researches: to carry out study of the content of water-soluble pentosans in a grain of winter rye and its change depending on a genotype and external conditions. The content of water-soluble pentosans in a grain of winter rye varieties changed from 1.97 up to 4.15%, at coefficient of variation about 22.62%. The influence of growth conditions is revealed too. For example, at variety Chulpan 7 its contents varied from 2.23% (2008) up to 2.84% (2006). Dispersion analysis has shown that the share of influence of conditions of grain formation on level of the given parameter has made 10.1%, and of variety – 59.6%. The given results show significant difference of varieties by the content of water-soluble pentosans. The greatest content of water-soluble pentosans in a grain was on the average for years of research at variety Irina (3.50%), and least – at variety Saratovskaya 7 (2.12%). The rather low contents of water-soluble pentosans had the variety Antares (2.15%), Snezhana (2.29%), and Parom (2.27%). The variety Chulpan 7 by the contents of water-soluble pentosans occupied an average place (2.50%). The given law was observed per all years of research. 
Keywords: rye, grain quality, pentosans, variability, variety, external conditions.

UDK 575.222.72 
Utilization of distant hybridization for development of breeding material of winter wheat
P.I. Stepochkin, V.I. Ponomarenko, L.A. Pershina, T.S. Osadchaya, N.V. Trubacheeva
Summary. The article presents results of the research on the development and study of breeding material of winter wheat on the basis of the distant hybridization. The step-by-step scheme of variety Novosibirskaya 3 development is provided. It is worth noted that for three years of competitive variety trial it demonstrated the high winter hardiness (70.3 %), being higher than the standard variety Novosibirskaya 32 by 6.6 %. According to the results of cytological analysis of plants of variety Novosibirskaya 3 it was shown the presence of translocation of the short arm of satellite chromosome 1R of rye on the long arm of the chromosome 1B of wheat.
Keywords: winter wheat, hybridization.

UDK.633.14: 631.55
Optimization of technological receptions of manufacture of grain of winter rye
E.I. Utkina, L.I. Kedrova, M.G. Shamova, E.S. Parfenova
Summary. Under conditions of global and local change of a climate there was a necessity for updating elements of technology of cultivation of a winter rye fulfilled earlier.  As a result of studying of seed rates of varieties of winter rye it is established, that the increase of coefficient of seeding up to 7 million on all varieties does not justify the additional charge of seeds since productivity remains at a level or below the control. The winter rye is recommended to be sowed with seed rate – 5…6 millions/hectare depending on terms of sowing and soil fertility. For the accelerated duplication of seeds of perspective varieties Flora and Rushnik it is possible to reduce seed rate up to 4 million germinating seeds per 1 hectare.  Carried out researches on studying of terms of sowing of winter rye have shown, that plants of early term of sowing, as a rule, over-developed and are strongly affected by a snow mould, whereas insufficiently developed plants of late term of sowing are characterized by low winter hardiness, are affected by mealdew in a greater degree, by brown (up to 20.8%) and stem (up to 30.0%) rusts. For reception of stable productivity of grain of a winter rye it is possible to prolong the period of sowing works till August, 30th, i.e. for 5…10 days later calendar terms established earlier. In astable on a hydrothermal mode years that is peculiar for the Kirov area, harvesting should be spent to deadlines (till 5 days) by direct combining in a phase of full ripeness of grain. Under droughty conditions the delay with harvesting for some days does not render negative influence, both on productivity, and on quality of grain of a winter rye. Grain corresponded to II class of quality only at harvesting in 10 days after optimum terms, and in all other variants – to I class of quality. 
Keywords: winter rye, variety, coefficient of seeding, terms of sowing, ways and terms of harvesting.

UDK 631.582 : 631.51
Influence of winter rye’s predecessors on productivity, parameters of soil fertility and economic efficiency
L.M. Kozlova, T.S. Makarova, F.A. Popov, A.V. Denisova
Summary. Results of researches on studying of field crop rotations in long stationary experience are presented in the article. The purpose of researches — to reveal influence of various fallows (clear, borrowed and green manure) on productivity of a winter rye, efficiency of parts of a crop rotation, stabilization of soil fertility, and to reveal economically effective parts of a crop rotation. In crop rotations with high saturation by grain crops (1982…1987) the best predecessors for a winter rye were clover of the first and second years of use, and vetch-oat fallow. Saturation of crop rotations by grain crops up to 66 and 83% reduced productivity of a winter rye by 0.16…0.19 t/ha. During period of biologization of agriculture (1988…1993) clover of the second year of using remained the best predecessor. Under meteorologically adverse conditions productivity of a winter rye raised on 1.7 t/ha on green manure vetch-oat fallow. Under conditions of adaptive landscape agriculture (1996…2001) at entering of low dozes of fertilizers (NPK)30 productivity of a winter rye has made 3.54…4.67 t/ha without essential distinctions on predecessors. In eight-field crop rotation (2002…2009) productivity raised on the borrowed fallows (a mix with white mustard and red clover for green manure) by 0.87…1.37 t/ha. Efficiency of crop rotations due to green manure and borrowed fallows raised by 15.8…35.6%. At saturation of crop rotations by grain crops up to 83.4% the humus balance was negative. At introduction of borrowed and green manure fallows at ploughing up to 30 t/ha of green mass the humus balance became positive. The increase of the humus content in a winter rye fields for 8 years of rotation has made 0.31…0.60 t/ha in dependence of exact predecessor. The greatest profitability of production was in crop rotations with green manure fallows (107.3…111.4%). For increase of efficiency of crop rotations and preservation of soil fertility the wide introduction of crop rotations with borrowed and green manure fallows with legumes and crucifers crops is necessary. 
Keywords: winter rye, green-manure fallow, seeded fallow, bare fellow, productivity, efficiency, intermediate cultures, organic matter, humus balance, economic and energy efficiency.

UDK 633.14 : 631.62
Winter rye on drained arable land
V.D. Abashev
Summary. Results of field experiences on sod-podzolic sandy-loam soil drained with potter’s drainage are presented in the article. The purpose of researches – modernization of agricultural technicians of cultivation of a winter rye on a drained arable land. Studied receptions of the basic processing of sandy soils have not revealed significant distinctions in productivity of a winter rye: at plowing on depth of 20-22 cm – 2.85, at chizeling on 30-32 cm – 2.86, at disking on 8-10 cm – 2.81, at turn shelling on 10-12 cm – 2.82 t/ha. Thus disking and turn shelling have allowed to lower expenses for soil processing by 20% in comparison with plowing. The best predecessors of a winter rye on drained sandy soil had appeared borrowed and green manure fallows, and meadow clover as well. Ploughing of green mass of vetch-oat mixes has provided significant increases of crop of a winter rye in comparison with pure fallow – by 0.53 and with borrowed fallow – by 0,45 t/ha. Productivity of a winter rye after clover for green manure has made 4.26, after clover for a green forage – 3.64 t/ha. The increase on the average on four levels of nutrition has made 0.62 t/ha of grain of a winter rye after ploughing of green manure mass of clover, the greatest one – on a background of entering of small doze N30Р30К30 – 0.8 t/ha. An early green forage is received from a winter rye. Intermediate cultures are sow on a drained arable land after harvesting of winter rye for green forage. Saturation of fodder crop rotations by crops of intermediate cultures raises efficiency by 25-30%. In our experiences on drained sandy soil the best productivity among intermediate cultures, sown after a winter rye for a green forage, has given the mix of rape with vetch and oats – 19.3 t/ha of green mass. At processing of a layer of perennial grasses and ploughing of green manure cultures before winter rye it is recommended to apply plowing on depth of an arable layer, after annual grasses – disking on 8-10 cm or share plowing on 10-12 cm. Optimum dozes of mineral fertilizers for a winter rye on drained sandy soils are: on green manure – N30Р30К30, on borrowed fallows – N60Р60К60. The best predecessors for a winter rye are green manure fallow and borrowed fallow, meadow clover.
Keywords: drained soil, winter rye, predecessor, processing of soil, doze of fertilizers, productivity.

UDK 632.937:[633.14+633.1129]
Application of biological preparations in the technology of cultivation of winter rye and winter triticale
T.K. Sheshegova, L.M. Shchekleina, L.I. Kedrova
Summary. Results of application of new biological preparations (Alirin, Albit, and Gamair) individually and in structure of tank mixes with herbicides Cowboy and Corsair are analyzed at cultivation of a winter rye and winter triticale. Obtained data testify that biological preparations are characterized by weak biological efficiency concerning leaf-stem illnesses, except for root rot, especially at the beginning of growth and development of plants. They suppress development of the basic activators of root rot (species Fusarium spp. and Helminthosporium spp.), but are ineffective in protection against species Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp. and others half-saprophytic fungus. It is established, that tank mixes of herbicide Corsair with biological preparations do not concede on a degree of suppression of weed vegetation at use of herbicide individually. Biological efficiency of tank mixes has made 63-76 %, of herbicide Corsair – 73 %. The greatest and significant increase of a rye and triticale crops in comparison with the control, on the average for two years, was obtained in reference variants – pickling of seeds with Dividend Star (0.30 and 0.28 tons per hectare) and processing of crops with fungicide Tilt (0.31 and 0.78 t/ha), and also in studied variants – at processing of crops by herbicide Corsair and its mixes with biological preparations (from 0.18 up to 0.52 t/ha).
Keywords: winter rye, winter triticale, biological preparations, herbicides, tank mixes, diseases, weeds, productivity.

UDK 577.3:63:576.8
Agro-ecological zoning of territory of North-East of the European part of Russia for accommodation of winter rye crops
F.F. Mukhamadjarov, V.P. Ashikhmin
Summary. The purpose – to allocate and group of agro-ecologically similar territories (AST) for reception of high-quality grain of a winter rye in north-east of the European part of Russia. Allocation of АSТ for accommodation of a winter rye on macro-level is carried out on the basis of the analysis of the general requirements of this culture to environment conditions and their background parameters. The basic criteria of an estimation accept a level of productivity and its variability. The database was made with dynamic numbers of productivity of a winter rye of areas and republics of northeast of the European Russia by administrative areas and soil-climatic characteristic of region. Generally the problem of allocation of АSТ on mezzo-level was reduced to the using of the parameters describing territorial features of environment conditions, and to unite objects in groups. The way has been chosen from various variants of pair-group association, each object in which was described by the certain parameters. As the objects which are a subject of classification, facilities (territory of facilities) of Kirov area are certain. The spatial analysis of results of association of objects in classes consist in search of compact groups of facilities with a similar variation of crops, and then revealing of an interlinking of agro-ecologically similar territories formally carried to one type of variability, definition of district-forming role of each type, their contrast and an establishment of character of accommodation of taxanomically similar types on territory. The analysis of data on 230 administrative areas of region has allowed to allocate agro-ecologically similar territories with following values of productivity of a winter rye: 1.09 t/ha, 1.42 t/ha, and 1.87 t/ha. For the reception of highly qualitative grain of a winter rye, corresponding the first and second classes, the territory of a southern part of the Kirov area, the basic territory of Republic of Mary El, a right-bank part of the Nizhniy Novgorod area and all territory of Republic Mordovia is recommended. On a mezo-level of the Kirov area for reception of highly qualitative grain, corresponding the first class, the territory including a right bank of Vyatka-Poljansky and Malmyzhsky areas, Urzhumsky, Sovietsky, Tuzhinsky, Yaransky, Pizhansky, Zuevsky, Falensky, Kirovo-Chepetsky, Kumensky, Verkhoshizhemsky and Kotelnichsky areas is recommended. Croppage of allocated territories can reach 108 thousand tons at average productivity of 1.8 t/ha. The number of falling of grain is within the limits of from 236 till 309 seconds. The basic variety in sowings of this area is the winter rye Falenskaja-4.
Keywords: agro-ecologically same territories, winter rye, productivity, parameters of quality, ecological stability, environmental factors, energy efficiency.

UDK 633.11 «324»:630.232.323.3(517.17)
Influence of terms of sowing on efficiency and quality of grain of winter wheat in the forest-steppe zone of the Kemerovo region
E.A. Egushova, E.P. Kondratenko 
Summary. Researches carried out for the purpose of studying of influence of terms of sowing on formation of productivity and quality of grain of various grades of winter wheat. Experience was put in 2007-2008, 2008-2009 in the conditions of a forest-steppe zone of the Kemerovo region on fields Yashkinsky state a sortouchastka (GSU). Objects of researches were 3 grades of winter wheat Omskуа 4, Kulundinka, Novosibirskуа 40 which were sowed in three terms of sowing: on August 19, on September 2 and 16. On the average for years of researches in a forest-steppe zone of the Kemerovo area the lowest productivity is received at early (August) terms, and the highest – at the second term of crops (1 decade of September). The maximum productivity is received in 2008-2009 at crops on September 2 at a grade Omskуа 4 – 5,39 t/hectares, Kulundinka – 5,0 t/hectares, Novosibirskуа 40 – 4,63 t/hectares, and minimum in 2007-2008 at crops on August 19 – 0,81, 1,07, 0,65 t/hectares respectively. All studied grades on years of researches formed the low content of protein and a gluten, but high quality. The variation of a mass fraction of protein and a gluten made from 9,6 (1 term of crops) to 11,7 % (the 2nd term of crops) and from 18,0 to 21,3 % respectively. On set of indicators better grain was formed by all grades in the second term of crops.
Keywords: winter wheat, sowing terms, productivity, winter hardiness, diseases, wreckers, nature weight percentage of protein, weight percentage of gluten. 

UDK 635.21:631.559:631.811.98
Crop yields and potatoe quality with zirkon preparation treatment at different feeding backgrounds
A.N. Postnikov, I.F. Oustimenko, E.A. Bolotnova
Summary. Tne article describes results of field experiments to use the Zirkon growth stimulator combined with mineral fertilizers for growing potatoes. It has been determined that double Zirkon treatment combined with certain mineral fertilizers is most efficient.
Keywords: potatoe, zirkon, preparation, mineral, fertilizer, variety.

UDK 633.14:633.352:631.363
Cultivation of winter rye for forage in a mix with winter vetch
V.A. Figurin
Summary. The purpose of researches – to raise nutritional value of vegetative raw material of a winter rye for reception of high-quality voluminous forages (green mass, grain-hay mix) and grain-forage by crop with winter vetch. Three field experiences were conducted: at cultivation of vetch-rye mixes for green mass and grain in three rotations (in 2004, 2005 and 2006), for grain-hay mix – in two rotations (in 2008 and 2009). It is established, that with breeding of winter-hardy varieties of winter vetch, such as Lugovskaya 2, the winter rye at cultivation for forage should be sowed with winter vetch that provides stably high efficiency of high-protein fodder mass. At early use of vetch-rye mixes for green forage optimum seed rates are: of winter rye Falenskaya 4 – 3.6 mln./ha, winter vetch – Lugovskaya 2 – 1.6 mln./ha. This grain mixture provided both high output of exchange energy – about 65.7 GD/ha, high protein content – 733.2 kg/ha, and 144.9 g of digestible protein per 1 fodder unit. Cultivation of vetch-rye mixes for grain-hay is perspective at seed rates of 4.8 mln./ha for winter rye, and 0.8 mln./ha for vetch; for increase a crude protein crop accordingly – 4.2 and 1.2 mln./ha. Harvesting at a phase of milk-wax up to wax ripeness of winter rye grain provided an output of exchange energy more than 70 GD/ha and gathering of a protein – from 413 up to 493 kg/ha.
Keywords: winter рожь, winter vetch, grain mixes, green mass, grain-haylage, grain-forage, crude protein, efficiency.

UDK 636.084/.087
Efficiency of different ways of preparation of grain of the winter rye in feeding of highly productive cows
R.V. Rusakov, V.M. Kosolapov
Summary. The purpose of researches – studying of efficiency of introduction in structures of diets of highly productive cows of the raised norms of grain of the winter rye prepared for eating in the various ways. Grain prepared by flattening and conservation in a stage of wax ripeness, and also by flattening and a grinding of dry grain with the subsequent entering of a complex of enzymes. Digestibility of solid in vitro crushed in a stage of wax ripeness and tinned grain of a winter rye after 3-5 months of storage has made 63,5%, concentration of exchange energy has made 13,4 megajoule. At the expense of higher bioavailability, in comparison with the dried up grain of full ripeness, norm of input of the given kind of a forage have increased to 60% on nutritiousness from a grain part of concentrates of a diet of milk cows with efficiency of milk of 22-25 kg a day. It has allowed to lower the diet cost price on 4,6%. For experience the tendency to decrease in daily average yields of milk of natural milk in on 0,22 kg (1,0%) in comparison with control isn’ted. Preparation of dry grain of a winter rye for eating to milk cows in the way of cold flattening is more effective in comparison with traditionally used crushing. Additional introduction in structure of a diet of a complex of enzymes in a dose of 0,05% from weight of concentrates, gives the chance to increase quantity crushed grains of a winter rye in a diet to 70% of solid of the concentrated forages and is economically expedient. In recalculation on basic fat content from the cows receiving the crushed rye with a complex of enzymes, every day on the average milked on 0,13-0,55 kg of milk more than in other groups.
Keywords: feeding, a winter rye, grain conservation, enzymes, highly productive cows.

UDK 619:616.348
Influence of rye bread on biochemical structure of blood of white mice 
Ivanovsky A.A., V.A. Sysuev, E.Y. Timkina, L.I. Kedrova, N.K. Lapteva
Summary. The material, devoted to research of influence of rye and other kinds of bread (wheat, rye-wheat) on some parameters of the physiological status of white mice, such as body weight and biochemistry of blood, is presented in the article. The experiment groups of five 15-day age mice are generated. In the first group (control) the mice supported on a diet according to Russian Federation Standard 50258, consisting with granule combined fodder. Forage of experimental groups consist of bread dried up in a drying case at Т = +400 С, instead of a part of granule combined fodder equal on weight, as crushed substrate in the following volumes according to weight of a daily diet: in group № 2 wheat bread – 20%, in group № 3 rye-wheat bread – 20%, and in group № 4 wholemeal rye bread – 20% of a diet. The blood taken from a tail vein before the beginning and upon termination of experiments was investigated on cholesterol, glucose, total protein, and lipo-proteins. Researches of blood have shown, that concentration of glucose in whey of blood has appeared maximal in control and 4-th experimental groups (6.0±0.1 and 5.6±0.2 mM/l accordingly) whereas in the third group it decreased from 3.3±0.1 up to 2.8±0.1 mM/l. Nevertheless, glucose was within the limits of physiological norm. Parameters of total protein in all analyzed tests of blood did not fall outside the norm limits though underwent changes whereas cholesterol in all groups, except for 4-th where rye bread was used, exceeded norm borders. LWLP were within the limits of physiological norm, that is did not exceed 3 mM/l, and HWLP have increased in all groups except for 4-th. Parameters of cholesterol in blood whey upon termination of experiment were within the limits of norm at mice which received rye bread from a flour of a rough grinding whereas at animals which fed wheat and the rye-wheat bread, cholesterol was a little bit above. Thus, the optimal parameters of blood are noted at mice which took rye bread of rough grinding flours in a diet during all experience. 
Keywords: bread of white, rye, blood, white mouse.

UDK 636.4.082
Comparative evaluation of reproductive qualities of sows and meat productivity of hybrid piglets with different systems of intercross
A.P. Grishkova, N.A. Chalova, A.A. Arishin, V.A. Volkov, V.A. Grishkov
Summary. Results of conducted studies indicate the desirability of inclusion of the two-way crossing system with crossing of Large White sows with PIC breeded boars and three-way variant with pairing of two-breed sows (Large White × Landrace) with boars of Duroc breed and PIC breeded in OOO APC “Chistogorsky”. The live weight of three-breed hybrids at weaning was higher than that of peer group of Large White breed by 0.78 (р<0.01) and 1.22 kg (р<0.001), correspondingly, and the area of “muscle eye” with live weight 100 kg reached 44.68 and 46.7 cm2.
Keywords: cross-breeding, breeds of foreign breeding, Large White breed, Landrace, Duroc, PIC, fattening and meat qualities, pigs.

UDK 636.39.631. .
Comparative evaluation of meat quality of coarse-haired sheep and their hybrids in local population in the western zone of Republic of Azerbaijan
G.G. Abdullaev, M.I. Aliev, L.I. Mamedova
Summary. The aim of studies was to compare meat productivity of sheep in the local coarse-haired population bred in the western zone of Azerbaijan and hybrids obtained from crosses with Precoce and Azerbaijan mountain merino rams. The greatest effect was obtained when using rams of Precoce breed. Their average daily gain at the age of 7...8 months was higher than that of purebred ones by 2.58 kg, before-slaughter weight – by 3.4 kg, slaughter weight – by 2.0 kg, slaughter yield – by 4.5 %, carcass weight – by 1.5 kg, flesh weight – by 1.38 kg. The superiority of hybrids from Azerbaijan merino was less significant.
Keywords: sheep-breeding, mutton.

UDK 631. 353
Two-stage technology conditioning feed grain
V.A. Sysuev, P.A. Savinyh, V.A. Kazakov 
Summary. In the Agricultural Institute of Northeast conducted theoretical and experimental investigations of two-stage process of conditioning of feed grain, including rye, and the feasibility of its application, which says the following: the use of two-stage crushing allows the grind (flattening) grain rolls with a smooth working surface , and output quality of the finished product that meets zoo requirement. According to the research developed design and technology scheme of technologies and technical means for the two-stage crushing of grain – grain machine for conditioning, the novelty of which is protected by RU patents, for example, the patent RU № 2371262. Manufactured prototypes grain machine for conditioning PZD- 3 and PZD- 6 output of 3 and 6 t/h, respectively, performed their work and the state tests, which resulted in FGU «Kirovskaya MIS» encourages two-step to produce a pilot batch of grain machine for conditioning PZD – 3. Energy intensity of the process of conditioning conditioner PZD – 6 compared to Murska 700S was reduced by 11%, compared with the PZ – 700 by 21%. Also designed and made universal conditioner grain PZD – 10 capacity of up to 10 t/h, able to perform as a single-stage and two stage conditioning of grain with a universal drive working bodies, working as a part of production lines feed preparation, and as part of the unit for conditioning, canning and packaging of moist grain flattened in the sleeve. 
Keywords: two-stage conditioning, conservation, technology, conditioning, grain, impurities.

UDK 631.1
Anthropogenic impact on soil by wheeled tractors
S.V. Shitov, P.V. Tikhonchuk, N.V. Spiridanchuk 
Summary. In this paper, the dependencies of coefficients of soil compaction and increase of hardness of the soil after being passed over by tractors with a different tractive force are revealed . 
Keywords: anthropogenic impact, the density of soil, soil hardness, tractive force class of the tractor.

UDK 633.14:664.6
Assortment of bread and flour confectionery products with use of rye raw materials and its role in diet of modern human
N.K. Lapteva 
Summary. The products of high food value and low energetic value are important for diet of modern human. Therefore the purpose of researches is to widen an assortment of bread and flour confectionery products of high food value with use of rye raw materials. The task of researches is to elaborate standard documents on new sorts of products with above-mentioned properties and to use rye flour and rye fermented malt as its components. The standard documents for 8 sorts of bread contained rye raw materials (87% and 95% rye flour, and rye fermented malt) and 10 sorts of flour confectionery products (icing cakes with filling, 4 sorts of cakes, 2 sorts of biscuits, and 3 sorts of short fancy cakes), are elaborated at North-East Agricultural Research Institute. All kinds of rye-wheaten and wheat-rye sorts of breads which are elaborated at Institute are belong to functional products, because they cover about 30% (from 32,1% to 55,3%) of daily human,s need, at using of 200 grammas every day. Flour confectionery products which are elaborated at Institute differ from analogious products by higher maintenance of dietary fibers (on 16,1…212,5%) and lower energetic value (on 4,1…12,9%). The use of rye raw materials at production of bread and flour confectionery products will permit to widen an assortment of products of high food value, will raise economic effect of its production, will decrease energetic value of diet, because it is important for correct, so-called «healthy» nutrition of modern human.
Keywords: bread and flour confectionery products, rye flour, rye malt, edible value.

UDK 664.22
Development of complex processing of rye into starch and sweeteners
N.R. Andreev, N.D. Lukin, T.V. Lapidus, Z.M. Borodina, N.K. Lapteva, L.I. Kedrowa
Summary. There was carried out technological estimation of different varieties of rye. Complex technology of winter rye processing into starch, sweeteners and carbohydrate products for food and feed was developed, providing the possibility to involve unclaimed resources of rye.
As a result of rye processing using hydrolysis of cellulolitic, proteolitic and amilolitic action we received glucose and maltose syrups, carbohydrate concentrate.
Keywords: rye, varieties of rye, rye flour, starch, enzymes, hydrolysis, glucose syrups, carbohydrate concentrate.

UDK 633.14:663.43
The quality of rye malt in depend on conditions of grain production, varietal pecularieties of culture, and regimes of fermentation
N.K. Lapteva, L.I. Kedrova, E.I. Utkina, N.Z. Safina
Summary. At present days the high demand of the population on natural food and drinks induces manufacturers to concern closely to quality of the raw material used in their production. Therefore production of rye malt with high parameters of quality is an actual problem. One of ways of the decision of this problem is revealing the best of winter rye varieties and conditions of their cultivation for use in malt production. The purpose of research is estimation of winter rye varieties, including those grown up in different soil – climatic zones of the Kirov region, as raw material for malt production and to reveal the best of them; and to specify modes of grain fermentation at rye malt production. Results of five years’ (2001-2005) studying of winter rye varieties Vyatka 2, Kirovskaya 89 and Falenskaya 4, grown up on varietal testing sites of northern, central and southern soil-climatic zones of the Kirov region, it is established, that the best malt (of 1 class of quality) is obtained mostly from grain of the adapted varieties Vyatka 2 and Falenskaya 4, especially in northern zone of region. Researches of 2005-2007 have shown, that variety Flora and population Falenskaya 4 х Ilmen as raw material for malt production do not concede standard varieties Vyatka 2 and Falenskaya 4, and have the best parameters on extractability of fermented malt at cold extraction (accordingly 74,4 and 76,7%). According to data of 2009-2010 the fermented malt from grain of varieties Falenskaya 4, Falenskaya 2, Graphinya and Fantasia 15/04, grown up in competitive varietal test of North-east agricultural research institute, corresponded to the first class of quality, distinctions between varieties were insignificant. The best mode of fermentation of grain of varieties Vyatka 2 and Falenskaya 4, cultivated in the Kirov region, is follow: grains heat up to temperature +500 C in the beginning of the period and in the first day stay at this temperature; in the second day temperature of grain layer rises up to +750 C, and in third day – up to +800 C. The optimum total duration of fermentation is three days.
Keywords: winter rye, grain, variety, fermented malt.